From Disaster to Recovery
In the early 1930s, a noxious slime mold and the powerful Chesapeake-Potomac Hurricane combined to devastate seagrass meadows in Virginia’s coastal bays. While seagrasses did regenerate in the Chesapeake, they never returned to Virginia's other coastal bays.
A patch of eelgrass was discovered in 1999 in a seaside bay off the Eastern Shore. It may have taken root from seeds that had drifted down from Chincoteague Bay. According to Dr. Robert "JJ" Orth from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), "That’s when the light went on that conditions there might be ripe for recovery, as long as there was a source of seeds."
Each spring since 2008, 40 to 60 volunteers have signed on and suited up to collect eelgrass (Zostera marina), a simple seagrass that once thrived in the coastal bays of Virginia, but was virtually wiped out in the 1930s by disease and hurricane. Over more than a decade nearly 500 volunteers have given 2,175 hours to the effort.
Collecting Eelgrass
How do volunteers collect up to 10 million eelgrass seeds during a roughly 10-day window? One handful at a time.
Restoration Success: Coastal Scientist Bo Lusk holds up an eelgrass shoot while explaining the seed collection process to volunteers. The sack tied around his neck will be used for collection. © Alex Novak / TNC
Collecting Eelgrass: A volunteer gathers shoots containing ripe seeds. The shoots are measured into water tanks, and the seeds are cured, separated and prepared for planting in the fall. © Mark Godfrey/TNC
One Seed at a Time: A volunteer stands in the shallow water of South Bay holding an eelgrass shoot. The annual collection event is a part of one of the largest recovery efforts in the world. © Peter Frank Edwards
Restoration Success: Volunteer snorkelers collect seagrass shoots in a shallow coastal bay. © Daniel White / TNC
Turning the Tide: Bringing Scallops Back to Coastal Bays
As eelgrass collapsed, it created a ripple effect. With the loss of this critical nursery habitat, commercially important bay scallops completely disappeared from Virginia’s waters.
But after more than 80 years, the tide may be turning.
We are working with VIMS on an effort to produce and grow scallops from larvae to juvenile size. In May 2017, we released 12.3 million bay scallop larvae that were spawned by VIMS and Cherrystone Aquafarms into the eelgrass in South Bay. The hope is to eventually restore a self-sustaining population of bay scallops to Virginia waters.
Virginia supported the most productive bay scallop fishery in the United States in 1930, but the scallops disappeared along with the seagrass meadows.
Scallops affix themselves to blades of seagrass which provide shelter from strong currents and from predators like crabs and rays. Along with our partners at VIMS, we’re working to build on our successful eelgrass restoration efforts by returning bay scallops to Virginia waters.
Ripe for Recovery
After they're collected, the eelgrass shoots are measured into holding tanks to cure. The seeds will be extracted and stored in sea water until fall, when they will be sown back into the seaside bays.
Starting from the mere remnant discovered in a seaside bay, TNC and VIMS have since broadcast more than 72 million seeds into 600 acres to help accelerate the natural spread of eelgrass, which now covers 9,000 acres in South, Spider Crab, Hog Island and Cobb Island bays.
VVCR’s eelgrass restoration is also the subject of a blue carbon feasibility study, the first of its kind in world, which provides the potential for future implementation of a long-term carbon credit project.
The Eastern Shore community has provided a willing partner to this restoration. Working side-by-side with hundreds of volunteers collecting seeds for this project is a highlight of each spring.
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