Researchers Quantify Climate Change Mitigation and Profit Potential for Silvopasture Operations in the Eastern United States

Researchers from Propagate and The Nature Conservancy estimate there are between 14 million and 62 million acres of potential opportunity to expand silvopasture practices in the eastern United States. This level of practice expansion, according to researchers, could capture between 4.9 million and 25.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year. At full adoption, that’s equal to taking 5.7 million gas-powered vehicles off the road; it would also increase the global footprint of silvopasture by an estimated 6 percent.

The study, “Silvopasture Offers Climate Change Mitigation and Profit Potential for Farmers in the Eastern United States,” was recently published in the peer-reviewed journal Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems.

“Agroforestry is a powerful yet underutilized natural climate solution in U.S. agriculture,” said Clare Kazanski, Ph.D., senior scientist for The Nature Conservancy and a co-author of the paper. “Silvopasture, one of several agroforestry practices, was the focus of our research, which demonstrates great potential for farmers to explore different options for increasing their revenue streams while helping to address climate change.” Silvopasture is the integration of trees, forage, and grazing livestock on the same piece of land.

The researchers assessed the carbon and economic implications of adding nine distinct silvopasture systems, varying by species and product (timber, nuts, and fodder for livestock), to existing pastures in historically forested areas of the eastern United States. They did this by calculating the carbon sequestration rates, costs, and revenues for each of the nine silvopasture systems and how economic outcomes would change if landowners were paid for carbon accumulation. The research considered two adoption scenarios: one a base scenario and the other a full adoption scenario that modeled what might be possible with current demand versus increased demand for the different timber, nut, and fodder products.

“The decision to commit to a substantial capital expenditure, such as silvopasture adoption, is never something farmers take lightly, and land managers need better data in order to make informed decisions,” said Harry Greene, chief research officer at Propagate and lead author on the paper. “Ideally, publishing this research will also help lenders, agencies, NGO’s, and other sources of capital understand the returns of trees, as they seek to do with any other fixed asset.”

Climate Mitigation Potential

The researchers found that 25.6 million metric tons of carbon emissions could be captured every year, when considering the full adoption scenario (62 million acres of new silvopasture systems). Silvopasture systems that generally offer the most mitigation potential are not necessarily those with the highest per-acre rates of carbon accrual, but instead those with the highest estimated acreage potential demand. For instance, given the high and ongoing demand for feed (the main input in beef production), fodder species (mulberry and willow) have the most mitigation potential because they could expand to cover the greatest area, even though they have the lowest per-acre carbon accrual rates.

The research estimates the carbon accrual in aboveground and belowground biomass. “Aboveground biomass is the main source of increased carbon in agroforestry systems, especially silvopasture,” Kazanski said, noting that additional research on possible soil carbon increases from silvopasture could demonstrate additional mitigation potential.

Profit Potential

This research demonstrates the financial upside of adding trees to grazing systems, which were once forested areas. “Silvopasture will be adopted to the extent that it is profitable and there is market demand for products from silvopasture systems,” said Greene.

Given the spatial analysis that identified 14 million to 62 million acres available for expansion, the researchers concluded that silvopasture practices can be profitable (6-14 percent IRR in some cases) without any additional market drivers, such as a price on carbon. Therefore, adoption is not constrained by land availability but likely by a combination of factors including education and specific systems designed for a farm’s unique operations.

“It’s important to understand what a given price on carbon—and a successful payment—can have on accelerating the adoption of silvopasture,” said Greene. “Different tree species require different amounts of carbon payment to come online with farmers, depending on the species’ growth rate and non-carbon yields. Prices likely need to increase to $80-90 per ton if farmers are to pay real attention to the idea of planting large long-lived trees in their pastures.”

Greene also pointed out that mulberry, willow, and other fodder species provide a good return without carbon incentives, noting a great uptake in Latin America and Australia.

Need for Continued Research

The researchers call for additional inquiry into the holistic economic implications of different silvopasture systems and planting densities, including the extent to which added trees may alter forage growth or increase livestock performance due to shading and wind protection. Data from Kentucky shows us that beef cattle with access to tree shade can gain up to 60 percent more weight on hot days, and temperature regulation services will be increasingly important as the climate changes.

While additional research is needed on the agronomics, markets, and economics of silvopasture, researchers agree that if broadly implemented, silvopasture could result in meaningful and financially beneficial carbon mitigation for the agriculture sector. 

“When farmers and practitioners can understand the long-term economic value of silvopasture, they can make better decisions and ideally invest in profitable systems that are also ecologically regenerative,” said Greene.

Download the paper here. 

Propagate is a software, development and financing ecosystem that makes it easy for farms to transition acreage to agroforestry. They provide access to agronomic insights, technical assistance, and financing so that farms can reduce risk while integrating fruit, nut and timber trees with animal or crop farming systems. Propagate currently advises 30,000+ acres of agroforestry, supporting over 760,000 trees & shrubs. Propagate also actively manages over 2250 commercial acres, and growing, through its regional agroforestry hubs in NY and KY. Learn more at www.propagateag.com