Large evergreen branches reach out from a thick tree trunk. — Hemlock Tree An eastern hemlock tree shades the surrounding forest. © Kent Mason

Tennessee Hemlocks

These majestic trees are under attack. Let's work together to save them.

May 31, 2019 | Last updated May 15, 2023

Man applying hemlock chemical treatment to the roots of a tree. — **Hemlock treatment** A National Park Service ranger gives a hemlock a protective chemical treatment using the soil-drench method. © National Park Service

Sometimes called the “redwoods of the east,” hemlock trees are beautiful, slow-growing and long-lived evergreens that can reach more than 150 feet tall. Usually located around streams and gorges, mature hemlock trees represent a keystone species that play a critical role in a much larger ecological community.

Specifically, a mature hemlock tree’s network of thick branches above ground works with its root system below to filter air and water, and store carbon, as part of the surrounding forest. Hemlocks also provide valuable shade that moderates air and water temperatures to benefit forest-dwelling animals, including fish and insects, that depend on these gentle giants for all or part of their life cycle.

Closeup of a hemlock branch and needles that have tiny insects known as hemlock wooly adelgids along the base of the needles. — **Hemlock Woolly Adelgid** The hemlock woolly adelgid threatens trees throughout the southeastern United States. © The Nature Conservancy

Hemlocks Under Attack

In Tennessee, Eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) and their close relative, Carolina hemlocks (Tsuga caroliniana), are commonly found throughout the eastern part of the state, especially in the Great Smoky Mountains, in the Cherokee National Forest and on the Cumberland Plateau. Some of Tennessee’s most formidable hemlock trees can also be found towering over the Fiery Gizzard Trail at the South Cumberland State Park, where one specimen near the northern trailhead is estimated to be more than 500 years old. Hemlocks also adorn portions of The Nature Conservancy’s Bridgestone Nature Reserve at Chestnut Mountain.

Hemlocks in these locations and elsewhere in Tennessee are under attack by an invasive insect known as the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA). Native to Asia, HWAs have no natural predator in the United States, which enables them to freely feed on and kill hemlocks in as few as three years. First spotted in East Tennessee in 2002, HWAs have killed many hemlocks in the state and have been recorded in most counties where there are native hemlocks. It is believed that birds are the primary source of their spread.

A map of hemlock woolly adelgid infested counties in Tennessee. — **Hemlock Infestation** A map of hemlock woolly adelgid-infested counties in Tennessee. © TN.GOV

Combatting Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

The most common method of combatting HWA involves chemical treatments that prevent the insects from harming the trees. Applied manually, tree-by-tree, treatment periods can range from five years up to eight years or more.

An alternative action against HWAs involves biological tools, such as predator beetles imported from Asia and the western U.S. After careful quarantine and studies, releasing these beetles shows signs of success in controlling HWAs. Both types of treating HWAs are costly when implemented at large scales.

A hemlock tree trunk emerges from a forest floor. — **Hemlock Tree Trunk** A hemlock trunk is fully rooted in a layer of talus. © Creative Commons/Nicholas A. Tonelli

In 2005, TNC joined an effort led by the Tennessee Division of Forestry (TDF) to organize experts from government, academia, non-profits and other organizations to create and implement a strategic plan for HWA as part of the Tennessee Hemlock Conservation Partnership (THCP). The THCP meets twice a year to share best practices for chemical treatment, develop science-based planning for hemlock conservation areas and collaborate on funding opportunities to support these efforts.

As a member of THCP, TNC also secured funding from the USDA Forest Service to support a position to coordinate the THCP. TDF also secured additional USDA Forest Service funds to create an HWA Strike Team. This seasonal team, which works with government agencies and private landowners, convenes between October and May to implement an intensive and environmentally conscious pest-management plan to prevent and combat HWA infestation throughout East Tennessee and the Cumberland Plateau. The team also conducts community workshops to train others to protect hemlock trees.