A small brown and white bird perches on the side of a tree holding an insect in its beak. — Red-cockaded woodpecker Red-cockaded woodpecker at home in a longleaf pine. © Brady Beck

Red-cockaded Woodpecker Wars

Learn how an endangered bird brought together conservationists and the Department of Defense across the U.S.

Updated May 13, 2024

RCW
RCW Wars
Impact

The recovery of the red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW) in the Southeast is one of North Carolina's major success stories, not only because this tiny bird has made a huge comeback but because of the nationwide impact that this protection project has today.

Why is the red-cockaded woodpecker so important?

“Management for red-cockaded woodpecker habitat is also good management for a wide suite of plants and animals,” explains Jeff Marcus, TNC longleaf pine applied scientist. RCWs are picky when it comes to housing. They seek out longleaf pines whose dense heartwood has been softened by a fungus called red heart disease. Only mature pines over 80 years old are affected by red hearts. They are also cooperative breeders; young birds from previous generations remain with their parents. “Red-cockaded woodpecker cavities are a limiting resource on the landscape, and they need a large area to forage for insects,” explains Marcus. “Up to 200 acres will be used by one family. There is only so much space.”

This is why the management of RCWs revolves around longleaf pine—acquiring longleaf pine forests and improving them through controlled burning. These forests need fire to thrive. Fire clears their floors and makes room for new longleaf growth. Wiregrass, wildflowers, animals and iconic plants such as carnivorous plants are all part of the longleaf pine habitat. Working to protect RCWs is important because their management benefits the whole forest.

Sunlight filters down through widely spaced longleaf pine trees onto the grass floor of the pine savanna. — **Longleaf pine savanna** Calloway longleaf forest preserve. © John Warner

A red-cockaded woodpecker with a dragonfly on its beak.

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Soldiers crouch and lay prone on the ground during training exercises in a longleaf pine forest. — **New Growth** Fort Bragg military training. © U.S.Army photo by Spc. Kissta M.

The Woodpecker Wars

When the Endangered Species Act (ESA) passed in 1973, RCWs were the first bird protected. These species had a rapid decline in their population due to the loss of their preferred nesting tree—longleaf pines had been reduced from 90 million acres to just 3.2 million across its range, from Virginia to Texas.

Fort Bragg, located in southeast NC, is one of the biggest army installations in the world by population—it is also home to pristine longleaf forests. Artillery training there sparked small fires that unintentionally improved the health of the forest, and RCWs made it their home. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued a Jeopardy Biological Opinion in 1990, requiring the Army to recover the local population of the federally endangered bird at Fort Bragg. So, the woodpecker wars began! The army was restricted in its training operations, and local landowners were cutting down longleaf pine to prevent birds from nesting in order to avoid facing those same restrictions from the ESA. “The red-cockaded woodpecker was an evil spirit, and the people who were trying to save it were also evil,” remembers Tim White, former editor of The Fayetteville Observer.

A white sign shaped like a rhombus with a Red-cockaded woodpecker on it alerting people of a nest on the tree. — **Endangered species sign.** A white sign marks restricted activity areas at Fort Bragg to protect Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. © Taryn Hagerman

This issue was growing and growing with time; the Army was considering going to Congress for an exemption to the ESA. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the Army sat down to find common ground and a solution to this issue. Even though the first meetings required many “cooling off” breaks, the constant communication, listening and trying to understand each other’s work finally paid off.

The first program that emerged from this partnership is called the Readiness and Environmental Protection Integration (REPI) program, which allowed the Army to fund protection off base in the surrounding region in order to meet protection requirements. When a woodpecker leaves its nest, it generally flies short distances from tree to tree. They have difficulty crossing a treeless area of more than about 200 meters. Hence, there is a need to create corridors of forest for them to move from spot to spot. That’s why TNC identified important properties that would create these corridors and fill in the gaps between the eastern population of woodpeckers at Fort Bragg and the western population at Camp Mackall (another Army training facility) and Sandhills Game Land. Once these properties were identified, with the help of the Army and USFWS, we purchased the land and protected it.

Cartoon representing the military's commitment to protecting Red-cockaded woodpeckers. — **Political cartoon** Conservation partnership with the military. © Barbour

Map showing the Sandhill military camp and the surrounded areas that were key to protection and partnership. — **Military Camps in NC** Localizing key lands for conservation partnership. © Margaret Fields

Political cartoon Conservation partnership with the military. © Barbour

Military Camps in NC Localizing key lands for conservation partnership. © Margaret Fields

Another important program that came out of this partnership is the Safe Harbor program, which allows non-federal property owners to enter into a voluntary agreement with the USFWS to protect a species listed under the ESA. These agreements remove uncertainty for landowners who manage their land in ways that support endangered plants and animals. Property owners don’t have to worry that by attracting these animals and plants to their land they may face additional land use restrictions down the road. If their land management unintentionally kills or harms a protected species, they will not face legal action. The landowner may choose to return the property to its original condition when the agreement expires. “Safe Harbor is designed to build trust for landowners and give them security. It is a mechanism to assuage fears and concerns,” says Jeff Marcus.

The local population of RCWs at Fort Bragg was declared recovered in 2005—six years before the deadline set by USFWS. Conservation and protection became part of the Army’s mission, and their commitment to the recovery of this species remains today. The Sandhills Conservation Partnership was established to keep fostering partnerships in the region, share knowledge and align longleaf pine restoration efforts. Longleaf pine across the southeastern U.S. has grown to 5.2 million acres, driven in part by this partnership. RCWs numbered less than 10,000 individuals in the mid-1990s, and today, there are between 18,000 and 19,000 individuals.

Red-cockaded woodpecker close up image. — **New Growth** Fort Bragg RCW recovery. © Carlton Ward Jr.

Marcus says one of the main factors in accomplishing conservation success has been the trust that has grown between the community, the local governments, the military, TNC and other conservation partners. Everyone came to the table with good intent and listened to each other. “The success of the red-cockaded woodpecker recovery in the Sandhills showed the public that we can work together to solve difficult conservation challenges. Instead of fighting, we can work together to meet the needs of the species and the interests of landowners.”

Nationwide Impact

The REPI program began in North Carolina as a novel way to find common ground between conservationists and the Department of Defense. It has since expanded nationwide, protecting other endangered species and landscapes. It has protected more than 1.4 million acres of land across the U.S. The Safe Harbor program has also grown nationally, with hundreds of participating landowners stewarding over 5 million acres.