Defending the Gulf With Nature

“The plan is for Tyndall to be ‘the installation of the future,’" says Jeff DeQuattro, TNC’S Director of Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico. DeQuattro, along with partners at the base and across TNC, is leading the efforts to buffer Tyndall against sea level rise and future storms. Last year, TNC received a $4.8 million Department of Defense (DoD) grant for data collection, modeling, engineering and permitting for four coastal resilience projects—just the first phase of a long-term, large-scale $22 million project that will build Tyndall back as a nationwide model for how military bases, and coastal communities at large, can meet climate change and the resulting storms and sea level rise.

As an Air Force base, Tyndall is invaluable. “There are multiple missions that are vital to the Air Force that are executed on Tyndall,” says Jeff Mixson, a contracting officer in the Air Force who facilitated the partnership with TNC for the grant. Tyndall houses the Air Battle Management schoolhouse, the weapon evaluation program that tests munitions and is a hub of civil engineering expertise for the Air Force. Geographically, it offers direct access to the Gulf of Mexico for weapon testing and training, without flying over any private land—access most bases don’t enjoy. Before Hurricane Michael, some 26,000 people relied on the base daily, and 37% of the economic activity in Bay County was related to Tyndall.

For now, TNC’s work at Tyndall will take shape in four green ways: a living shoreline, an oyster reef breakwater, a submerged shoreline and the planting of seagrasses. Together, these installations will break wave energy and absorb floodwater in vulnerable areas. They will also reduce erosion, protect hundreds of acres of land and coastline, increase biodiversity and expand recreational opportunities for those on base.

Currently, TNC's partners at the University of Florida are gathering data to inform the shoreline's design. "Every living shoreline looks a little bit different," says Dr. Christine Shepard, TNC's Director of Science in the Gulf of Mexico. "The final design will depend upon the engineering studies and the information we collect about the wind and the wave energy there, both on a day-to-day basis and during extreme events like hurricanes."

Like the living shoreline, the oyster reef breakwater will dampen wave energy and prevent erosion in a vulnerable area of Tyndall's coast. But while the living shoreline will act as a general attractor for marine life, the oyster reef breakwater will specifically attract oysters. "The Gulf is probably the last place in the world that has a somewhat healthy population of oysters," explains DeQuattro; 85% of the bivalves have been lost worldwide, but the Gulf still retains 50%, making it an ideal place for restoration work. "It's hard to restore oysters in a place where you don't have any oysters left, but here, if you build the right structure, they will come." When completed, 1,000 feet of oyster reef breakwater will sit offshore from the drone airstrip, hosting the bivalves on a substrate suitable for oyster recruitment.

A submerged shoreline—an underwater breakwater structure—is designed to reduce wave energy in order to protect the coasts against erosion and to trap traveling sediment to help restore beaches. At Tyndall, it will be located in a volatile area vital for both training and recreation—behind a group of barrier islands that Tyndall owns, where wave and wind energy and currents are especially strong. This area, known as Buck Beach, has already lost roughly 60 acres to erosion. The submerged shoreline—which will be complex enough to double as a foraging and cover area for fish, crabs and other marine life—will allow sand to accumulate and begin building back the lost acreage.

Nature-based Coastal Resilience Solutions In Practice

Nature-based coastal resilience solutions have been successful elsewhere—in 2000, Project GreenShores in Pensacola, Florida created a series of offshore limestone, recycled concrete and preformed concrete breakwaters, as well as five islands made from 35,000 cubic yards of sand and marsh grass. Since then, Hurricane Ivan (Category Four) and Hurricane Dennis (Category Three) both made landfall, and the areas behind these installations sustained less damage than areas without living shorelines. A TNC study after Hurricane Michael found that vegetated shorelines in the communities near Tyndall held up to a named storm just as well as hardened structures like bulkheads or seawalls—while costing much less to repair.

But there has never been a large-scale coastal resilience project at a base like what is happening at Tyndall now. TNC’s grant comes primarily through the DoD’s Readiness and Environmental Protection Program (REPI) and Bay County, Florida’s RESTORE Program. The primary mission of the program is to protect the military’s ability to test and train—a goal that often coincides with protecting the land surrounding bases to prevent encroachment and incompatible development. That common interest between the DoD and TNC has a long history—they’ve been working together to protect land and endangered species habitat since the late 1970s.

A Blueprint for Coastal Resilience

"Today, the threats posed by climate change, such as sea level rise or storm surge, can adversely impact the military, as evidenced dramatically by what happened at Tyndall," Barnes says. "And so now the military works with folks like TNC to strengthen the climate resilience of the military installations against those kinds of eventualities."

The DoD does not take climate change lightly; the 2021 Climate Adaptation Plan states that the DoD "has identified climate change as a critical national security issue and threat multiplier and top management challenge." Barnes, Mixson and their TNC partners are hopeful that Tyndall will not be the last military base to implement large-scale green solutions: what happens there will shape how Congress approaches other bases in the future.

"What we're doing at Tyndall is creating the blueprint for how other DoD bases can execute coastal resilience," says Mixson. The blueprint begins with research; TNC's partner, the University of Florida, is collecting data on wave height, sediment and current testing, as well as conducting a biological baseline study. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, another TNC partner, provides access to cutting-edge technology for measuring deeper water currents and sea level change. Plus, the Navy's previous storm data and its ability to deploy during hurricanes to record data will be invaluable in developing the project designs.

A Win-Win for Military and Conservation

Once in place, the living shoreline, oyster reef breakwater, submerged shoreline and supplemented wetlands will continue to grow and protect both the environment and the military interests at Tyndall. "When these things become self-sustaining, we don't have to keep pouring money into them," points out Barnes. "It's not a sea wall or levee that will have to be strengthened and repaired.

These projects serve multiple purposes, says Mixson. "We have to put in the initial work, but the end is something that creates a positive value and not just from a dollar standpoint. You've got an insurance policy for the base. You reduce your maintenance life cycle cost. It provides outdoor recreation possibilities. It creates habitat for wildlife."

In other words, it's a win-win for the military and the environment.