The Nature Conservancy in Indiana - JWN

The Karner Blue Butterfly

Karner Blue Facts

Scientific name: Lyceaides melissa samuelis
Family: Gossamer-wing
Subfamily: Blues
Wing Span: about an inch long
Diet: adults, nectar; larvae, wild lupine leaves
Habitat: sandy pine prairies, barrens and lakeshore dunes

Wild Blue Lupine Facts

Scientific name: Lupinus perennis linnaeus
Family: Pea (Fabacae)
Habitat: dry open woods, clearings - like pine barrens and black oak savannas
Plant height: 8 - 24"
Foliage: herbaceous, 7-11 lanceolate leaflets radiating at central point, up to 2"
Boom Color: medium blue to violet Flower size: up to 2/3" long
Bloom Time: late Spring, early Summer

Vladimir Nabokov:
Father of the Karner Blue

The butterfly's scientific and common name was given by Vladimir Nabokov, a famous novelist and lepidopterist - a person who studies butterflies, moths and skippers.
While highly regarded for his command of the English language and exquisite prose - such as Lolita and Speak, Memory - Nabokov's first love was for butterflies. This is evident In Pnin, when Nabokov couldn't resist discussing the Karner blue when he wrote:

"A score of small butterflies, all of one kind, were settled on a damp patch of sand, their wings erect and closed, showing their pale undersides with dark dots and tiny orange-rimmed peacock spots along the hindwing margins' one of Pnin's shed rubbers disturbed some of them and revealing the celestial hue of their upper surface, they fluttered around like blue snowflakes before settling again."

Read more about Nabokov's work with butterflies.

Was that a Karner Blue?

There isn't just one blue butterfly in Indiana!. There are at least three other butterflies found in our state that can be confused as the elusive Karner blue.

Eastern tailed blue has the same iridescent blue on the wings. The Spring azure is also blue but not as brilliant or lustrous. Edward's hairstreak is not blue, however the underside is very similar.

karner - long

"...a place called Karner, where in some pine barrens, on lupines, a little blue butterfly I have described and named ought to be out." So wrote Vladimir Nabokov, the founder of the Karner blue, to his friend before setting out to look for his beloved butterflies in the wild. When first discovered - in 1862 - the Karner blue once covered its habitats in a sea of blue. Today people would find the butterfly too elusive with good reason. Since January 1992, the Karner blue has been listed as an endangered specie in due to dramatic declines in population.

According to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, over the past 100 years the Karner blue has declined by 99% with 90% having occurred in the past 15 years. The decrease in numbers is widely due to habitat loss from land development, fragmentation and fire suppression. Populations can still be found in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio and Wisconsin; however, viable populations have yet been attainted in any of these states.

The habitats most preferred by Karner blues are pine barrens and black oak savannas. In Indiana, populations have been found near dune and swales near the lakeshore as well. Most importantly, their habitat must offer wild blue lupine - the only plant the larvae of the Karner blue butterfly will feed on.

Lupines

The Karner Blue and Wild Blue Lupine

While adult Karner blues feed on the nectar of a variety of flowering plants, the larvae - or caterpillars - feed solely on the leaves of the wild blue lupine. Wild lupine is a perenial plant with beautiful pink to bluish purple blooms. It prefers dry, sandy soils found in natural communities like oak savannas and pine barrens. Like the Karner blue, wild blue lupine has also suffered habitat loss due to land development and forest encroachment due to fire suppression in its preferred habitats. Wildfire, prescribed burns, mowing and grazing are needed to maintain sites supporting wild lupines and Karner blue butterflies.

Wild blue lupine and the Karner blue's life cycles are curiously connected. Two generations of the butterflies are produced each year and correspond with the blooming of wild blue lupine. In April, the first generation of caterpillars hatch from eggs laid on lupine the year before. The caterpillars feed on the leaves until they are ready to form their chrysalis. A chrysalis is a cocoon-like, compact shell where the caterpillar will emerge from as a beautiful butterfly at the end of May, early June. The first generation will then mate and lay their eggs on or near the wild lupine. Within a week, the eggs will hatch, feed on the lupine leaves and build their chrysalis. In July, the second generation of Karner blues will emerge. These adults will also mate and lay their own eggs that will hatch the following year, continuing the cycle.

For more information on the connection between wild blue lupine and the Karner blue, check out the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services and the Roosevelt Wild Life Station articles on the subject.

The Difference Between Male and Female

Karner blue butterflies are sexually dimorphic, meaning the male and female have different colorations. As with many other species, the male is of a more vibrant color compared to the female. The male's topside is an iridescent dark blue with thin, black margins. The female is less showy but by no means less beautiful. The topside of her wings is a grayish brown with a dark blue towards her center. A crescent of orange is seen on her bottom wings, dotted with back. The underside is the same for both sexes - grey with a band of orange crescents along the edges of both wings, scattered black spots accented with white.

karner undefined

According to Charles Darwin, "colour has been modified for some special purpose...either for direct or indirect protection, or as an attraction between the sexes" (The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation of Sex - Appleton - 1898). The color variations are obvious as the male pirouettes around the female but not so much when the Karner blue is at rest and its wings are closed showing the similar underside for both sexes. It can be assumed then that the Karner blue's colorations are for both protection and attracting a mate.

The Karner Blue in Indiana

Once present throughout northern Indiana, the Karner blue only occurs in a few northwest Indiana areas associated with the dune and swale complexes near the southern end of Lake Michigan. The dune and swale is a natural community consisting of black oak savanna ridges with patches of prairie surrounding the swales of wetlands, sedge meadows, and marshes - the perfect place for both wild blue lupine and the Karner blue to thrive. The Nature Conservancy's Ivanhoe Dune and Swale Preserve and the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore are two of the areas in which the Karner blue has made their home.

The Nature Conservancy's Southern Lake Michigan Rim Project office in Indiana has played an important role in rebuilding Karner blue habitat and population. In 1996, TNC along with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services and the Environmental Protection Agency began work on thinning canopy cover and restoring fire to Ivanhoe Dune and Swale. Unfortunately before this could be done, wildfires wiped out the Karner blues habitat at Ivanhoe and, in addition to bad weather, the rare butterfly vanished from the preserve.

The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services and local partners began efforts to reintroduce the rare specie. Successful projects restoring black oak savannas and planting of wild lupine gave way to TNC's 2001 release of captivity-raised Karner blues. So far more than 1,000 Karner blues have been released, dozens of acres have been restored and thousands of seedlings and seeds have been planted. Restoration and reintroduction projects are on-going and will be so until viable populations are met. As the loss of the Karner blue would mean the extinction of a distinct and irreplaceable specie, TNC and its partners will continue to work diligently to make sure that the Karner blue will thrive in Indiana once again.

For more information on what The Nature Conservancy has done for the Karner blue, check out the Southern Lake Michigan Rim Project office's information on the Karner Blue as well as the restoration and reintoduction efforts made at Ivanhoe. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife's Karner Blue Butterfly Recovery Plan of 2003 also plays an important role in saving the Karner blue in Indiana and other Midwestern states.

Interesting Facts About Karner Blues and All Butterflies

Nabokov named the butterfly "Karner" for the hamlet of Karner in New York's Albany Pine Bush.

Butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera which means "scale-wing" in Latin. 'Scale-wing' refers to the scale cell structures found on the wings which gives off the vibrant colors we see. These scales have four functions although not every role is found on all species. The scales form bright patterns used as signals to: attract mates; to advertise its bad taste to predators; to help blend with thier environment; and to soak up the sun when cool.

Butterflies are diurnal; they are most active during the day.

Butterflies are nearsighted; they are more attracted to large stands of flowers then they are to individual flower stems. However, they can see polarized light (where the sun shines) and ultraviolet light.

The butterfly tastes with its feet and drink from its proboscis, a tube-like "tongue" used to sip nectar. The proboscis uncoils to sip and recoils into a spiral when not in use.

The female butterfly releases pheromones that can be detected by the male as far as a mile away. Pheromones are chemicals that triggers a natural behavioral response in members of the same species.

Butterflies rest with their wings closed as a way of protection from predators.

Although fires have caused damage to Karner blue habitats, it is also a helpful tool in managing those same areas. Without fire, wild lupine is shaded out. Simply - no fire, no lupine, no Karner blues.

The loss of Karner blue habitat not only affects the rare butterfly but many other species as well. The black tern, Blanding's turtle and the ottoe skipper are just a few examples.

For More Information

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Karner Blue Fact Sheet

Pollinator of the Month article on Karner Blues

Rhapsody in Blue - an article by TNC's Christine Mlot.
Another TNC article, Out of the Blue

Butterfly Conservation Initiative's species profile on Lycaeides melissa samuelis

Butterflies and Moths of North America

Chipper Wood Observatory's article on Karner blues, wild lupine & the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore

USDA Plant Profile: Lupine

An article about Vladimir Nabokov and his Karner blue butterfly

Wildlife Magazine has an interesting article discussing the importance of the Endangered Species Act and how it has helped several species, including the Karner Blue.

The Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois has a great page on Butterfly Basics.

A childern's butterfly site from Big Sky Institute of Montana State University

Nature picture credits (top to bottom, left to right): Photo © Paul Labus (karner blue and larvae); Photo © The Nature Conservancy(lupine); Photo © Paul Labus (all Karner blues- male, female, underside view).