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Description
Bush honeysuckles are upright, generally deciduous shrubs that range from six to sixteen feet in height. Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica L.) has smooth, hairless, bluish-green leaves and pink or white flowers that do not turn yellow as they age. Morrow's honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii "A. Gray") has downy leaves and white flowers that turn pale yellow as they age. Bella honeysuckle (Lonicera x bella Zabel) is a hybrid between tatarian and Morrow's honeysuckle. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii [Rupr.] Maxim) has dark green leaves that are hairy on the veins and white flowers that yellow with age. European Fly honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum L.) has yellow flowers and leaves that are hairy underneath.
Preferred Habitat
Abandoned fields, roadsides, woodlands, and edges of marshes are all places to find bush honeysuckles. They tolerate varying moisture levels and moderate shade, but prefer open areas and achieve the greatest fruit production when in full sun.
Seasonal cycle
Bush honeysuckles leaf out early in the spring before many native species and hold their leaves until November. They flower in May and June and fruit in July and August. The flowers are fragrant, tubular, and borne in pairs. The fruit is a many-seeded, red, orange, to yellow berry.
Distribution
In North America, bush honeysuckles have naturalized from New England south to North Carolina and as far west as Iowa. All the bush honeysuckles are found in the central portion of this area, yet each has a slightly different, overlapping range.
Other Points of Interest
Bush honeysuckles are native to Europe, eastern Asia, and Japan. Most species were introduced as ornamentals in the 1800s; tatarian honeysuckle is a popular ornamental shrub that was introduced from southern Russia in 1752. Amur honeysuckle is a problem in the midwestern United States, where it forms dense stands and shades out native herbaceous groundcover. The spread of bush honeysuckles is generally accomplished by birds, which consume the ripened fruit in the summer.
Control
Light infestations may be cleared by hand with a shovel or hoe. For control to be effective, the entire root must be removed. Severe infestations may be controlled by repeated treatments of cutting, burning or applying herbicide. Cutting should be conducted during the early spring and again in the late summer or early fall. A glyphosate herbicide (20% solution) may be applied to the leaves or freshly cut stumps late in the growing season. If prescribed burning is chosen, it should be conducted during the growing season. Control methods must be repeated for a period of three to five years to inhibit growth of new shoots and eradicate target plants. To prevent re-invasion, "underplanting" disturbed woods with tolerant native woody species may be effective.
Diagnostic Information
Tall shrub (6 to 16 feet tall). Leaves: Opposite, simple. Ovate to oblong, 1 to 2-1/2" long, rounded at base. Flowers: Small, fragrant, axillary; lips equalling or longer than the tube; upper four-lobed to its base. Style hirsute. Fruit: Berries many-seeded; red or yellow; 1/4" in diameter; borne in pairs usually on axillary peduncles. Stems and branches: Wide spreading stems; slightly drooping branches. Older branches hollow.
Nature picture credits (top to bottom, left to right): Photo © Patrick Breen, Oregon State University, Bugwood.org (Tatarian honeysuckle); Photo © Stacey Leicht, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org (Morrow's honeysuckle).
