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Conservation Science Publications
The following list contains abstracts for and links to published studies, papers, reports, and books by Nature Conservancy scientists, researchers and fellows:
Published in 2004
The following list contains information about The Nature Conservancy's publications in 2004:
Anders, A. D. and D. C. Dearborn. 2004. Population trends of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler on Fort Hood, Texas, from 1992-2001. Southwestern Naturalist 49:39-47.
Backer, D.M., S.E. Jensen, and G.R. McPherson. 2004. Impacts of fire-suppression activities on natural communities. Conservation Biology 18:937-946.
Brooks, T., Mohamed B., Boucher, T., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoekstra, J.M., Moritz, T., Olivieri, S., Parrish, J., Pressey, R.L., Rodrigues, A.S.S., Sechrest, W., Stattersfield, A., Strahm, W., Stuart, S. 2004. Coverage Provided by the Global Protected-Area System: Is It Enough? BioScience, December 2004 Vol. 54 No.12. 1081-1091.
Brown G, Smith C, Alessa L, Kliskey A. 2004. A Comparison of Perceptions of Biological Value with Scientific Assessment of Biological Importance. Applied Geography 24: 161-180.
Cox, A.C., D.R. Gordon, J.L. Slapcinsky, and G.S. Seamon. 2004. Understory restoration in longleaf pine sandhills. Natural Areas Journal 24: 4-14.
Evans, M.E.K., E.S. Menges, and D.R. Gordon. 2004. Mating systems of Dicerandra frutescens ssp. frutescens and D. christmanii: assessing limits on seed production in two narrow endemics of Florida scrub. Biodiversity and Conservation. 13: 1819-1832.
FitzHugh T.W., B.D. Richter. 2004. Quenching Urban Thirst: Growing Cities and their Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems. Bioscience 54 (8): 741-754.
Golet G.H., J.A. Schmutz, D.B. Irons and J.A. Estes. 2004. Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: a multiyear experiment. Ecological Monographs 74:353-372.
Harmsworth, G. and B. Raynor (2004). Cultural Consideration in Landslide Risk Perception. In Glade, T., M. Anderson, and T. Crozier, Landslide Hazard and Risk. John Wiley and Sons.
Higgins, J.V., Ricketts, T.H., Parrish, J.D., Dinerstein, E., Powell, G., Palminteri, S. Hoekstra, J.M. Morrison, J., Tomasek, A., Adams, J. 2004. Beyond Noah: Saving Species is not Enough, Conservation Biology, December 2004 18:6 1-2.
Jenkins, D.H., Devlin, D.A., Johnson, N.C., Orndorff, S.P. 2004. System Design and Management for Restoring Penn’s Woods, Journal of Forestry, Apr-May.
Kappelle, M., M. Castro, A. Garita, L. González, H. Monge & F. Quesada. 2003. (posted 2004) Ecosistemas del Área de Conservación La Amistad Pacífico, Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), & Cooperación Holandesa (DGIS). Including 86 ecosystems. INBio Press. Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. http://www.inbio.ac.cr/ecomapas/aclap.htm
Kappelle, M. 2004. Diccionario de la Biodiversidad. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) & Cooperación Española (AECI). Including 5,739 terms. INBio Press, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. Available at: http://www.inbio.ac.cr/biodiccionario/
Kappelle, M. 2004. Tropical Montane Forests. Pp. 1782-1793. In: J. Burley, J. Evans & J.A. Youngquist, eds. Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. Vol. 4. Elsevier. Oxford, UK.
Kareiva, P. 2004. Compensating for extinction. Current Biology. 10 August 2004, 14:625-626.
Kostecke, R. M., S. G. Summers, J. W. Bailey, and D. A. Cimprich. 2004. Confirmed nesting of a Lazuli with an Indigo Bunting on Fort Hood, Bell County. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 37:1-2.
Ladd, D. 2004. Prairie restoration flora of the St. Louis region of Illinois and Missouri. Missouriensis 24: 22-52.
Lesica, P. and D. Hanna. 2004. Indirect effects of Biological Control on Plant Diversity Vary Across Sites on Montana Grasslands. Conservation Biology Vol. 18. No. 2, 444-454.
Marvier, M.A., P. Kareiva, and M.G. Neubert. 2004. Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and disturbance promote invasion by habitat generalists in a multispecies metapopulation. Risk Analysis 24:869-879.
Mas, A. and T. Dietsch. 2004. Linking Shade Coffee Certification to Biodiversity Conservation: Butterflies and Birds in Chiapas, Mexico. Ecological Applications, 14:3 642-654.
Mehlman, D., K. Rosenberg, J. Wells, and B. Robertson. 2004. A comparison of North American avian conservation priority ranking systems. Biological Conservation 120(3):387-394.
Merlin, M. and B. Raynor. (2004). Modern Use and Environmental Impact of the Kava Plant in Remote Oceania. In Steinberg, M., J. Hobbs, K. Mathewson, and P. Woodruff. Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes. Oxford university Press. 352 pp.
Miller, A.A., D.R. Gordon, and M.T. Renda. 2004. Native alternatives for non-native turfgrasses in central Florida: germination and responses to cultural treatments. Restoration Ecology 12: 190-199.
O’Leary, C. and J. A. Shuey. 2003. Ecosystem restoration at the landscape-scale: Design and implementation at the Efroymson Restoration. Pages 124-126 in S. Fore, editor, Proceedings of the 18th North American Prairie Conference: Promoting Prairie. Truman State University Press. 249pp.
Peck, J.E., J. Grabner, D. Ladd and D.R. Larson. 2004. Microhabitat affinities of Missouri Ozarks lichens. Bryologist 107: 47-61.
Pickering, D.L. 2004. Weed-control fabric successfully stops spread of invasive saltmeadow cordgrass. Ecological Restoration. 22:4 301-302.
Richter, Brian and Sandra Postel. 2004. Can we save earth’s rivers? Issues in Science and Technology 20:3 31-36.
Sabo, J., E. Holmes, and P. Kareiva. 2004. The efficacy of simple viability models in ecological risk assessment: does density dependence matter? Ecology 85: 328-341.
Samson, F.B., F.L. Knopf, C.W. McCarthy, B.R. Noon, W.R. Ostlie, S.M. Rinehart. S. Larson, G.E. Plumb, G.L. Schenbeck, D.N. Svingen and T.W. Byer. 2003. Planning for population viability on Northern Great Plains national grasslands. Wildlife Society Bulletin 2003 31(4): 986-999.
Samson, F.B., F.L. Knopf and W.R. Ostlie. 2004. Great Plains ecosystems: past, present and future. Wildlife Society Bulletin 2004 32(1): 6-15.
Sarr D., K. Puettmann, R. Pabst, M. Cornett, & L. Arguello (2004). Restoration ecology: new perspectives and opportunities for forestry. Journal of Forestry 102: 20-24.
Shuey, J. A. and C. O’Leary, 2003. Ecosystem restoration at the landscape-scale: Assessing conservation success at the Efroymson Restoration. Pages 30-40 in S. Fore, editor, Proceedings of the 18th North American Prairie Conference: Promoting Prairie. Truman State University Press. 249pp.
Smith, J., M.D. Reynolds, and G. LeBuhn. 2004. Warbling Vireo Nesting Ecology in the Northern Sierra Nevada. Western Birds 35:32-41.
Smith, J. E., S. J. Taylor, C. J. Whelan, M. L. Denight, and M. M. Stake. 2004. Behavioral interactions between fire ants and vertebrate nest predators at two black-capped vireo nests. Wilson Bulletin 116:163-166.
Solie, S. 2004. Marine Habitat Protection. in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology. McGraw Hill, NY.
Solis, M.A., S.D. Hight, and D.R. Gordon. 2004. Alert: Tracking the cactus moth as it flies and eats its way westward in the U.S. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(1): 3,4, 7.
Sudaryanto, Meyer T. & Mous P.J. 2004. Natural spawning of three species of grouper in floating cages at a pilot broodstock facility at Komodo, Flores, Indonesia. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin 12. p. 21-26 (pdf; 47 Kb)
Swaty RL, Deckert RJ, Whitham TG and CA Gehring. 2004. Ectomycorrhizal abundance and community composition shifts with drought: predictions from tree rings. Ecology, 85(4), 2004, pp. 1072–1084.
Turner, D.S., and C.S. Funicelli. 2004. Demographic changes and epidermal browning in two protected populations of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea). Desert Plants 20(1): 16-23.
Published in 2003 and earlier
The following list contains abstracts for and links to published studies, papers, reports and books by Nature Conservancy scientists, researchers and fellows:
New tools for marine conservation: the leasing and ownership of submerged lands
Beck, M. W., T. D. Marsh, S. E. Reisewitz, M. Bortman
Conservation Biology 18:1214-1223
We show that the leasing and ownership of submerged lands are viable new tools for marine conservation and provide examples of the implementation of these tools from The Nature Conservancy's work in Texas, Washington, and New York (U.S.A.). It has been assumed that strategies for estuarine and marine conservation must be substantially different than those for terrestrial conservation because the seas are all publicly owned. This is an unfortunate misconception. Conservation benefits for the leasing and ownership of submerged lands include opportunities to restore ecologically and economically important species, protect diversity in sanctuaries, buy land cheaply, develop ecologically sustainable harvest practices, improve water quality, create control areas for research, and partake in local management forums as a direct stakeholder.
Rivers for Life
By Sandra Postel, Brian Richter
Island Press, 2003
In Rivers for Life, leading water experts Sandra Postel and Brian Richter explain why restoring and preserving more natural river flows are key to sustaining freshwater biodiversity and healthy river systems, and describe innovative policies, scientific approaches, and management reforms for achieving those goals.
Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Biodiversity in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Weitzell, R.E., M.L. Khoury, P. Gagnon, B. Schreurs, D. Grossman and J. Higgins
NatureServe and The Nature Conservancy, 2003
The extensive network of streams, mainstem river and its floodplains, thousands of lakes, and the uplands that make up the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) provide habitat for a significant portion of the Earth's biological diversity.
Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: Implications for coral reef conservation and management
By West, J. M., Salm, R.
Conservation Biology (2003), 17:956-967.
The massive scale of the 1997-1998 El Niño-associated coral bleaching event underscores the need for strategies to mitigate biodiversity losses resulting from temperature-induced coral mortality.
Drafting a Conservation Blueprint
By Craig Groves
Island Press, 2003
Drafting a Conservation Blueprint lays out for the first time in book form a step-by-step planning process for conserving the biological diversity of entire regions. In an engaging and accessible style, Groves explains how to develop a regional conservation plan and offers experience-based guidance that brings together relevant information from the fields of ecology, conservation biology, planning, and policy.
Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots: Recent calls to direct funding to the world's biodiversity hotspots may be bad investment advice
By Peter Kareiva and Michelle Marvier
American Scientist, July-August 2003
Abstract: Having limited resources, many conservationists have been concentrating their efforts on biodiversity "hotspots," which are defined as small areas that harbor a large number of plant species that can be found nowhere else. Indeed that approach has gained such popularity in recent years that it risks eclipsing other equally valid methods for setting conservation priorities. The authors argue that conservationists should not concentrate on the preservation of hotspots at the expense of addressing other important concerns, including the need to maintain various "services" that natural areas provide.
The role of nearshore ecosystems as fish and shellfish nurseries (.pdf, 185k)
Beck, M. W., Heck, K. L. Jr., Able, K. W., Childers, D. L., Eggleston, D. B., Gillanders, B. M., Halpern, B., Hays, C. G., Hoshino, K., Minello, T. J., Orth, R. J. Sheridan, P. F., Weinstein, M. P. 2003.
Issues in Ecology, 11:1-12.
Abstract: Coastal ecosystems such as seagrass meadows, marshes, oyster reefs and mangrove forests provide many vital ecological and economic services. Because of the abundance of juvenile fish and shellfish they contain, they are widely considered by scientists, conservationists, managers, and the public to be nurseries. Nonetheless, comparatively little money and effort is being directed at protecting and managing these ecosystems, which are among the most anthropogenically degraded ecosystems on earth. Until recently, even fisheries scientists and managers have largely ignored the identification and conservation of juvenile nursery habitats. To aid decision makers, the authors offer guidelines for prioritizing where to spend limited time, money and effort on research, restoration, conservation and management of nearshore nursery habitats.
Ecologically sustainable water management: managing river flows for ecological integrity
By Richter, B.D., R. Mathews, D.L. Harrison, and R. Wigington
Ecological Applications (2003) 13:206-224.
Abstract: Human demands on the world's available freshwater supplies continue to grow as the global population increases. In the endeavor to manage water to meet human needs, the needs of freshwater species and ecosystems have largely been neglected, and the ecological consequences have been tragic. Healthy freshwater ecosystems provide a wealth of goods and services for society, but our appropriation of freshwater flows must be better managed if we hope to sustain these benefits. and freshwater biodiversity. We offer a framework for developing an ecologically sustainable water management program, in which human needs for water are met by storing and diverting water in a manner that can sustain or restore the ecological integrity of affected river ecosystems. Drawing from case studies around the world to illustrate our framework, we suggest that ecologically sustainable water management is attainable in the vast majority of the world's river basins. However, this quest will become far less feasible if we wait until water supplies are further over-appropriated.
Riverine landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water (.pdf, 438 kb)
By John A. Wiens
Freshwater Biology (2002), 47: 501-515.
Abstract: Traditionally, landscape ecologists have focused their attention on terrestrial ecosystems, and rivers and streams have been considered either as elements of landscape mosaics or as units that are linked to the terrestrial landscape by flows across boundaries or ecotones. Landscape ecology can be unified about six central themes: (1) patches differ in quality (2) patch boundaries affect flows, (3) patch context matters, (4) connectivity is critical, (5) organisms are important, and (6) the importance of scale. Although riverine systems differ from terrestrial systems by virtue of the strong physical force of hydrology and the inherent connectivity provided by water flow, all of these themes apply equally to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and to the linkages between the two. Landscape ecology therefore has important insights to offer to the study of riverine ecosystems, but these systems may also provide excellent opportunities for developing and testing landscape ecological theory. The principles and approaches of landscape ecology should be extended to include freshwater systems; it is time to take the ‘land’ out of landscape ecology.
Effects of bush encroachment on an assemblage of diurnal lizard species in central Namibia
By Jesse Meik, Richard M. Jeo, Joseph Mendelson and Kate Jenks
Biological Conservation (2002), 106: 29-36.
Abstract: Bush encroachment is a serious environmental and economic problem in Namibia, but little is known about impacts on native reptile diversity. Area-confined visual surveys were used to examine a diurnal lizard assemblage in central Namibian commercial ranchlands. Surveys were conducted in plots of open savanna habitat and proximal bush-encroached habitat. Decreased diversity of habitat structure in bush-encroached habitats appears to influence native savanna lizard assemblages. Our results are consistent with accumulating evidence suggesting that bush encroachment and its associated ecological impacts are reorganizing savanna ecosystems throughout southern Africa.
Improving U.S. Endangered Species Act recovery plans: key findings and recommendations of the SCB recovery plan project
By Clark, J. A., J. M. Hoekstra, P. D. Boersma, and P. Kareiva.
Conservation Biology (2002) 16:1510-1519.
Abtract: To promote more effective recovery planning for species listed under the U. S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Society for Conservation Biology sponsored a systematic review of a large sample of ESA recovery plans. The review was conducted in collaboration with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and 19 universities. The project's primary goals were to characterize the content and attributes of recovery plans; to identify important differences, patterns, and trends among plans; and to use these results to develop recommendations for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for improving recovery plans. We review key findings from published analyses of the project database and offer prioritized recommendations for improving recovery-plan development and implementation. The recovery-plan project offers a model of how professional societies, universities, and government agencies can work together beneficially to address key issues in conservation biology.
Effects of browsing control on establishment and recruitment of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) at Cathedral Grove in the Lake Superior Highlands, Minnesota
By Anderson C. E., Chapman K. A., White M. A., & Cornett M. W.
Natural Areas Journal (2002) 22: 202-210.
Abstract: Some land managers question whether eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) will remain an important component of forested landscapes in Minnesota, USA, due to poor establishment and limited recruitment into forest canopies. Browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) and snowshoe hare (Lepus americana Erxl.) inhibited establishment and recruitment of white pine in an old-growth pine-dominated forest located in a major winter deer yard in northeastern Minnesota. In a nine-year study, we investigated the effectiveness of exclosures to control browsing and improve establishment and early recruitment of eastern white pine. Properly constructed and maintained exclosures virtually eliminated browsing. As a result, density in the largest size class (stems >50 cm tall but <2.5 cm dbh) increased significantly between 1991 and 1997 in two exclosure plots (P < 0.1; two-tailed paired t-test). We propose a model incorporating multiple factors to consider when deciding on effective strategies for the restoration of eastern white pine in the northern Lake States region.
Comparing the importance of seedbed and canopy type in the restoration of upland Thuja occidentalis forests of northeastern Minnesota
By Cornett M. W., Puettmann K. J., Frelich L. E., & Reich P. B
Restoration Ecology (2001) 9[4]: 386-396.
Abstract: In cold-temperate ecosystems of the upper Great Lakes Region, evergreen conifer-dominated forests were once common. As a result of past management practices, early-successional deciduous forests now dominate the landscape. Embedded in this matrix are stands of shade-tolerant conifers, including Thuja occidentalis. For the past several decades, large-scale T. occidentalis regeneration in remnant T. occidentalis and adjacent Betula papyrifera forests has not occurred. Using a combination of restoration experiments and field surveys at three study sites on the Lake Superior Highlands, Minnesota, U.S.A., we examined safe sites for T. occidentalis regeneration under both Thuja and Betula canopy types. This study focused on the colonization and establishment phases of regeneration, differentiating among safe-site components for T. occidentalis. Results indicated that T. occidentalis regeneration was more limited in Betula forest by seedbed availability, while in Thuja forest canopy conditions were more limiting.
Planning for biodiversity conservation: Putting conservation science into practice
Groves, C.R., D.B. Jensen, L.L. Valutis, K.H. Redford, M.L. Shaffer, J.M. Scott, J.V. Baumgartner, J.V. Higgins, M.W. Beck, and M.G. Anderson. 2002. Planning for biodiversity conservation: Putting conservation science into practice. BioScience 52(6): 499-512.
Recent publications by the David H. Smith Conservation Research Fellows
Created by The Nature Conservancy with the generous support of the David H. Smith Foundation, this post-doctoral fellowship program identifies and supports early-career scientists who will shape the growth of applied conservation biology:
Measures of “eroading” ecology
Cumming, G. S. (2003). Measures of “eroading” ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: 233
Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas
Cumming, D. H. M & Cumming, G. S. (2003). Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas. Oecologia 134: 560-568.
Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain future
Peterson, G. D., Cumming, G. S. & Carpenter, S. R. (2003). Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain future. Conservation Biology 17: 358-366.
Assessing future ecosystem services: a case study of the Northern Highlands Lake District, Wisconsin
Peterson, G. D., Beard, T. D. Jr., Beisner, B. E., Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R., Cumming, G. S., Dent, C. L., and Havlicek, T. D. (2003). Assessing future ecosystem services: a case study of the Northern Highlands Lake District, Wisconsin. Conservation Ecology 7(3):1.
Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants
Root, T.L., J.T. Price, K.R. Hall, S.H. Schneider, C. Rosenzweig, and J.A. Pounds. 2003. Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421: 57-60.
Microorganismos del suelo, plantas en peligro de extinción y la conservación del Matorral de Florida
Hawkes CV. 2003. Microorganismos del suelo, plantas en peligro de extinción y la conservación del Matorral de Florida. Ecosistemas 2003/2.
The roles of carrying capacity, immigration, and population synchrony on persistence of stream-resident cutthroat trout
Hilderbrand, R. H. 2003. The roles of carrying capacity, immigration, and population synchrony on persistence of stream-resident cutthroat trout. Biological Conservation 110:257-266.
Reconstructing long-term flood regimes with rainfall data: effects of flood timing on caddisfly populations
Lytle, D. A. 2003. Reconstructing long-term flood regimes with rainfall data: effects of flood timing on caddisfly populations. Southwestern Naturalist 48(1): 36-42.
Effectiveness of Conservation Targets in Capturing Genetic Diversity
Neel, M. C., and M. P. Cummings. 2003. Effectiveness of Conservation Targets in Capturing Genetic Diversity. Conservation Biology 17:219-229.
The Challenge of Environmental Justice
Middendof, G and B. Grant, J. Cubit, G. Lovem C. Nilon, G. Peterson, L.M. Jablonski and T.C. Polin. 2003. The challenge of environmental justice. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(3): 154-160.
Incorporating ecology into land use planning: the songbird’s case for cluster development
Odell, E.A., D.M. Theobald, and R.L. Knight. 2003. Incorporating ecology into land use planning: the songbird’s case for cluster development. Journal of American Planning Association 69(1): 1-15.
Historical food web structure and the restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) basin
Vander Zanden, M.J, S. Chandra, B. C. Allen, J. E. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman. 2003. Historical food web structure and the restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) basin. Ecosystems 6: 274-288.
From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes (.pdf, 332k)
Vadeboncouer, Y., E. Jeppesen, M. J. Vander Zanden, H. Schierup, K. Christoffersen, and D. M. Lodge. 2003 Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic energy pathways in lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 48(4): 1408-1418.
Use of novel pollen species by specialist and generalist solitary bees
Williams N. M. 2003. Use of novel pollen species by specialist and generalist solitary bees (Hymenoptera Megachilidae). Oecologia 134: 228-237.
Humans as integral components of regional systems: Modeling vegetation-fire-human interactions in the Alaskan boreal forest
F. Stuart Chapin, III, T. Scott Rupp, Anthony M. Starfield, La-ona DeWilde, Erika S. Zavaleta, Nancy Fresco, Jonathon Henkelman, and A. David McGuire. 2003. Humans as integral components of regional systems: Modeling vegetation-fire-human interactions in the Alaskan boreal forest. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.
Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2
M. R. Shaw, E. S. Zavaleta, N. R. Chiariello, E. E. Cleland, H. A. Mooney, and C. B. Field. 2002. Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2. Science 298: 1987-1904.
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