In spring, a greater prairie chicken's thoughts turn to love…and boy, does he let everybody know about it.

The unique mating call of the male greater prairie chicken — known as "booming" — and his strange accompanying dance draw crowds of people every spring to view the spectacle at prairie-chicken mating grounds across the Midwest.

But severe habitat loss, disease and other threats continue to limit the spectacle to pockets of land such as The Nature Conservancy's Dunn Ranch Preserve on the border of Missouri and Iowa, part of a 70,000 mile area called the Grand River Grasslands.

Nature.org asked Doug Ladd, the director of conservation science for The Nature Conservancy in Missouri, what it's like to watch a prairie chicken booming at Dunn Ranch...and how the Conservancy is working to expand the habitat of this iconic American species.

Nature.org: What does the "booming" sound and look like?

Doug Ladd: It's this haunting kind of low resonance — like somebody blowing across the top of an empty bottle. But the distance it carries is phenomenal. I've heard that sound wafting across the prairie from a mile-and-a-half away.

The dance is also an amazing thing to see. They inflate their pinnae feathers and their throat sacs, and then they kind of crouch down and pop their tail feathers all at once — boom! And they start stamping and rotating in a half-circle one way and another, and make runs at one another.

It's like a great big prairie chicken singles bar, dozens of males all competing for the attention of the female.

Nature.org: What makes for a good booming ground?

Doug Ladd: Prairie chicken leks [the name for these communal mating arenas] require fairly short vegetation so that they're both prominently visible and can see and avoid predation. There's also speculation that the lek sites have a resonation component — it's a landscape where their calls can carry for long distances.

Historically, lek sites were often grazed or trampled, presumably by bison. We're using the characteristics of the sites that work to build a spatial and vegetational profile of what a good booming ground might be.

Nature.org: How many people come out to Dunn Ranch each spring to hear the booming and watch the dance?

Doug Ladd: It's a lot, and we’re nearly full to capacity all season long on a daily basis. We team with the Missouri Department of Conservation to staff the trips; they provide the blinds, and we provide the site. On the Iowa side, the Conservancy in Iowa and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources are the major players.

Nature.org: But the prairie chickens are also moving through private farmland throughout the year, aren't they? How effectively can you conserve a species that's not always on a Conservancy preserve?

Doug Ladd: You're right — we can create these crown jewels of habitat on our own preserves, but these are motile, area-dependent species that need big blocks of land. They're pretty amazing birds. You see them waddling around, doing this semi-comical dance, but they can fly several miles no problem.

The private agricultural producers hold the fate of the prairie chicken in their hands. Fortunately, a lot of private producers are linked to the land by generations of their family, and they by and large deeply care about the land. They have a strong commitment to sustain these icons of natural heritage that make this part of the world unique.

We're working with them to apply a broad view of the landscape. We're asking them: What can we do to ensure our children will see these prairie chickens booming every spring? We're not trying to create a divide between nature preserve and farm, but trying to integrate ecological and economic concerns at varying degrees of appropriateness across the landscape.

Nature.org: What have been the major threats to the prairie chicken?

Habitat destruction is one of the major impacts. We've taken away more than 90 percent of the home of the prairie chicken through plowing under tallgrass prairie for agricultural use.

It's not as simple as a plowed field, though; in fact, a small amount of agriculture may actually benefit them. But if you neglect to provide the processes to which the habitat evolved and is attuned — such as fire — then invasive species and forests can come in and have a great impact on native species.

In the case of Missouri, a lot of grazing agriculture is conducted on tall fescue — an Asian grass that provides minimal habitat for prairie chickens. There's also speculation about diseases and nest parasitism by ring-neck pheasants.

And the prairie chicken requires different kinds of habitat at different stages of its life: fairly tall grasses with litter for nesting and escape cover, but also vegetation that's not a tall grass thicket for the young to run around in. It's a complicated situation, and when you start to tease it apart, there's no one single need.

Nature.org: So how is the Conservancy in Missouri approaching these issues?

Doug Ladd: A critical part of what we do on the Great River Grasslands is to restore high-quality tallgrass prairie. We have a couple thousand acres, and we're working to aggressively restore it, converting land back to prairie using a diverse mix of locally produced seeds.

We're also working intensively to remove invasive woody vegetation and invasive species. And we're buying some lands bordering our high-quality prairies, putting conservation easements on them saying you can only use this land for sustainable grazing, and then putting them back on the open market.

Nature.org: Can we say the prairie chicken is making a comeback in Missouri and Iowa?

Doug Ladd: We've had exciting if initial sightings of these birds in restored habitats they wouldn't have been caught dead in ten years ago. And we've had a couple of confirmed sightings of several hundred birds clustered together, but we don't know where they've come from.

But without what we've done — without conservation activity — they'd be gone. We would have already lost the prairie chicken, and it's the icon of the tallgrass prairie. If it's lost forever, we've lost part of the richness of our lives.

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Nature picture credits (top to bottom, left to right): Photo © Harvey Payne (Greater prairie chicken); Photo © Elizabeth Niven (Doug Ladd).